Developmental Disabilities
Developmental disabilities are conditions that are usually present at birth. They can affect a child’s growth and development. These conditions can cause physical, learning, language, or behavior issues. They can include:
- Learning disabilities. These conditions affect the ability to learn.
- Autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This is a disorder that affects behavior, communication, and social skills.
- Cerebral palsy (CP). This is a condition that affects movement, coordination, and balance.
- Physical disabilities. These could include blindness or deafness.
- Conditions that can affect both physical and mental abilities. This could include Down syndrome.
These conditions can cause lifelong challenges in learning. Completing daily tasks may be difficult. Early treatment may help your child learn important skills and make the most of their strengths.
Most developmental disabilities are thought to be caused by a complex mix of factors. These factors include genetics; parental health and behaviors (such as smoking and drinking) during pregnancy; complications during birth; infections the mother might have during pregnancy or the baby might have very early in life; and exposure of the mother or child to high levels of environmental toxins, such as lead. For some developmental disabilities, such as fetal alcohol syndrome, which is caused by drinking alcohol during pregnancy, we know the cause. But for most, we don’t.
Following are some examples of what we know about specific developmental disabilities:
- At least 25% of hearing loss among babies is due to maternal infections during pregnancy, such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection; complications after birth; and head trauma.
- Some of the most common known causes of intellectual disability include fetal alcohol spectrum disorders; genetic and chromosomal conditions, such as Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome; and certain infections during pregnancy.
- Children who have a sibling with autism spectrum disorder are at a higher risk of also having autism spectrum disorder.
- Low birthweight, premature birth, multiple birth, and infections during pregnancy are associated with an increased risk for many developmental disabilities.
- Untreated newborn jaundice (high levels of bilirubin in the blood during the first few days after birth) can cause a type of brain damage known as kernicterus. Children with kernicterus are more likely to have cerebral palsy, hearing and vision problems, and problems with their teeth. Early detection and treatment of newborn jaundice can prevent kernicterus.
The Study to Explore Early Development (SEED) is a multiyear study funded by CDC. It is currently the largest study in the United States to help identify factors that may put children at risk for autism spectrum disorders and other developmental disabilities.
The way a developmental disability is diagnosed depends on the condition. Screening tests or a physical exam may be done to check for a medical problem. Other tests and questionnaires may help find out if your child has a developmental disability. These may include:
- Screening tests that are done during pregnancy or for newborns
- Developmental and behavioral screening tests or questionnaires to check if your child is developing on schedule
- Observing your child’s behavior and how they interact with other people
- Testing your child’s intellectual and school performance
- Asking about your family history
Developmental disabilities occur among all racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups. Recent estimates in the United States show that about 1 in 6, or about 17%, of children aged 3 through 17 years have one or more developmental disabilities, such as
- ADHD.
- Autism spectrum disorder.
- Cerebral palsy.
- Hearing loss.
- Fragile X syndrome.
- Tourette syndrome.
- And other developmental disabilities.
If your child has a developmental disability, these are usually lifelong conditions. Often, there is no cure, but treatment can help the symptoms. Treatments can include:
- Physical, speech, and occupational therapy
- Special teaching methods
- Psychological counseling
- To keep track of how your child grows and changes over time
Having a disability does not mean a person is not healthy or that he or she cannot be healthy. Being healthy means the same thing for all of us—getting and staying well so we can lead full, active lives. That includes having the tools and information to make healthy choices and knowing how to prevent illness. Some health conditions, such as asthma, gastrointestinal symptoms, eczema and skin allergies, and migraine headaches, have been found to be more common among children with developmental disabilities. Thus, it is especially important for children with developmental disabilities to see a health care provider regularly.
References
Developmental Disabilities, medlineplus , Available at: ‘http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/wilsondisease.html ‘
Developmental Disabilities, CDC, Available at: ‘http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/wilsondisease.html ‘
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