Surgical Specialties
General surgery
Surgeons often use robotic systems for precision in minimally invasive procedures.
A general surgeon has principal expertise in the diagnosis and care of patients with diseases and disorders affecting the abdomen, digestive tract, endocrine system, breast, skin, and blood vessels. A general surgeon is also trained in the treatment of patients who are injured or critically ill, and in the care of pediatric and cancer patients. General surgeons are skilled in the use of minimally invasive techniques and endoscopies. Common conditions treated by general surgeons include hernias, gallstones, appendicitis, breast tumors, thyroid disorders, pancreatitis, bowel obstructions, colon inflammation, and colon cancer.
Bone Surgery
Bones change all the time. The body constantly makes new bone and breaks down old bone. This process is called remodeling.
ALSO KNOWN AS: Orthopedic Surgery
orthopaedic surgeon is educated in the preservation, investigation, and restoration of the form and function of the extremities, spine, and associated structures by medical, surgical, and physical means. This specialist is involved with the care of patients whose musculoskeletal problems include congenital deformities, trauma, infections, tumors, metabolic disturbances of the musculoskeletal system, deformities, injuries, and degenerative diseases of the spine, hands, feet, knee, hip, shoulder, and elbow in children and adults. An orthopaedic surgeon is also concerned with primary and secondary muscular problems and the effects of central or peripheral nervous system lesions of the musculoskeletal system.
Plastic Surgery
Fat cells removed during liposuction don’t grow back, but new ones can form if weight is regained.
A plastic surgeon deals with the repair, reconstruction, or replacement of physical defects of form or function involving the skin, musculoskeletal system, craniomaxillofacial structures, hand, extremities, breast and trunk, and external genitalia or cosmetic enhancement of these areas of the body. Cosmetic surgery is an essential component of plastic surgery. The plastic surgeon uses cosmetic surgical principles to both improve overall appearance and to optimize the outcome of reconstructive procedures.
Brain Surgery
The gut microbiome influences not only digestion but also mood, immunity, and even skin health.
ALSO KNOWN AS: Neurological surgery
Neurological Surgery constitutes a medical discipline and surgical specialty that provides care for adult and pediatric patients in the treatment of pain or pathological processes that may modify the function or activity of the central nervous system (e.g., brain, hypophysis, and spinal cord), the peripheral nervous system (e.g., cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves), the autonomic nervous system, the supporting structures of these systems (e.g., meninges, skull and skull base, and vertebral column), and their vascular supply (e.g., intracranial, extracranial, and spinal vasculature).
Urine and Kidney Surgery
Kidney stones are caused by high levels of calcium, oxalate, and phosphorus in the urine. These minerals are normally found in urine and do not cause problems at low levels.
ALSO KNOWN AS: Urology and kidney surgury
A urologist, also known as a genitourinary surgeon, focuses on diagnosing and treating disorders of the urinary tracts of males and females, and on the reproductive system of males. This specialist manages non-surgical problems such as urinary tract infections and benign prostatic hyperplasia, as well as surgical problems such as the surgical management of cancers, the correction of congenital abnormalities, and correcting stress incontinence.
Colon and rectal surgery
The colon hosts trillions of bacteria that help digest food and produce vitamins.
“A colon and rectal surgeon diagnoses and treats various diseases of the small intestine, colon, rectum, anal canal, and perianal area including
the organs and tissues related with primary intestinal diseases (liver, urinary, and female reproductive system). This specialist treats conditions such as hemorrhoids, fissures, abscesses and fistulaes. A colonand rectal surgeon diagnoses and treats problems of the intestine and colon such as cancer, polyps, and inflammatoryconditions.”
Liver and Pancreas Surgery
The gut microbiome influences not only digestion but also mood, immunity, and even skin health.
General practitioners provide acute, chronic, and follow-up care to their patients. Their duties include assessing you with a physical exam and a review of your medical history. From there, they may order more tests, recommend treatment, or connect you with a specialist.
Heart & chest Surgery
Open-heart surgery often involves cooling the body to slow metabolism and protect organs.
ALSO KNOW AS: Thoracic & cardiac surgery
“Thoracic surgery encompasses the operative, perioperative, and surgical critical care of patients with acquired and congenital pathologic
conditions within the chest. Thoracic surgeons treat diseased or injured organs in the chest, including the esophagus, trachea, pleura, mediastinum, chest wall, diaphragm, pericardium, heart, and lungs. The most common diseases requiring thoracic surgery include heart lesions, such as coronary artery disease and valve problems, lung cancer, chest trauma, esophageal cancer, emphysema, and heart and lung transplantation.”
Vein Surgery
Varicose veins happen when the small valves in the veins don’t work well, causing blood to collect in the legs.
ALSO KNOWN AS: Vascular surgery
“A vascular surgeon has expertise in the diagnosis and management of patients with disorders of the arterial, venous, and lymphatic systems,
excluding vessels of the brain and the heart. Certified vascular surgeons, have significant experience in providing comprehensive care to patients with all types of vascular disease, including diagnosis, medical treatment, and reconstructive vascular surgical and endovascular techniques. Common interventions performed by vascular surgeons include the opening of blocked arteries, repair of veins to improve circulation, treatment of aneurysms (bulges) in the aorta and other blood vessels, and treatment of vascular injuries.”
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