Posterior Vaginal Prolapse (rectocele) -

A posterior vaginal prolapse is a bulge of tissue into the vagina. It happens when the tissue between the rectum and the vagina weakens or tears. This causes the rectum to push into the vaginal wall. Posterior vaginal prolapse is also called a rectocele (REK-toe-seel).

Childbirth-related tears, chronic straining to pass stool (constipation) and other activities that put pressure on pelvic tissues can lead to posterior vaginal prolapse. A small prolapse might not cause symptoms.

With a large prolapse, you might notice a bulge of tissue that pushes through the opening of the vagina. To pass stool, you might need to support the vaginal wall with your fingers. This is called splinting. The bulge can be uncomfortable, but it’s rarely painful.

If needed, self-care measures and other nonsurgical options are often effective. For severe posterior vaginal prolapse, you might need surgery to fix it.

A small posterior vaginal prolapse (rectocele) might cause no symptoms.

Otherwise, you may notice:

A soft bulge of tissue in the vagina that might come through the opening of the vagina
Trouble having a bowel movement
Feeling pressure or fullness in the rectum
A feeling that the rectum has not completely emptied after a bowel movement
Sexual concerns, such as feeling embarrassed or sensing looseness in the tone of the vaginal tissue

Many women with posterior vaginal prolapse also have prolapse of other pelvic organs, such as the bladder or uterus. A surgeon can evaluate the prolapse and talk about options for surgery to fix it.

When to see a doctor

Sometimes, posterior vaginal prolapse doesn’t cause problems. But moderate or severe posterior vaginal prolapses might be uncomfortable. See a health care provider if your symptoms affect your day-to-day life.

Posterior vaginal prolapse results from pressure on the pelvic floor or trauma. Causes of increased pelvic floor pressure include:

Birth-related tears
Forceps or operative vaginal deliveries
Long-lasting constipation or straining with bowel movements
Long-lasting cough or bronchitis
Repeated heavy lifting
Being overweight

Pregnancy and childbirth

The muscles, ligaments and connective tissue that support the vagina stretch during pregnancy, labor and delivery. This can make those tissues weaker and less supportive. The more pregnancies you have, the greater your chance of developing posterior vaginal prolapse.

If you’ve only had cesarean deliveries, you’re less likely to develop posterior vaginal prolapse. But you still could develop the condition.

Anyone with a vagina can develop posterior vaginal prolapse. However, the following might increase the risk:

Genetics. Some people are born with weaker connective tissues in the pelvic area. This makes them naturally more likely to develop posterior vaginal prolapse.
Childbirth. Having vaginally delivered more than one child increases the risk of developing posterior vaginal prolapse. Tears in the tissue between the vaginal opening and anus (perineal tears) or cuts that make the opening of the vagina bigger (episiotomies) during childbirth might also increase risk. Operative vaginal deliveries, and forceps specifically, increase the risk of developing this condition.
Aging. Growing older causes loss of muscle mass, elasticity and nerve function, which causes muscles to stretch or weaken.
Obesity. Extra body weight places stress on pelvic floor tissues.

To help keep posterior vaginal prolapse from getting worse, you might try to:

Perform Kegel exercises regularly. These exercises can strengthen pelvic floor muscles. This is especially important after having a baby.
Treat and prevent constipation. Drink plenty of fluids and eat high-fiber foods, such as fruits, vegetables, beans and whole-grain cereals.
Avoid heavy lifting and lift correctly. Use your legs instead of your waist or back to lift.
Control coughing. Get treatment for a chronic cough or bronchitis, and don’t smoke.
Avoid weight gain. Ask your health care provider to help you determine the best weight for you. Ask for advice on how to lose weight, if needed.

A diagnosis of posterior vaginal prolapse often happens during a pelvic exam of the vagina and rectum.

The pelvic exam might involve:

Bearing down as if having a bowel movement. Bearing down might cause the prolapse to bulge, revealing its size and location.
Tightening pelvic muscles as if stopping a stream of urine. This test checks the strength of the pelvic muscles.

You might fill out a questionnaire to assess your condition. Your answers can tell your health care provider about how far the bulge extends into the vagina and how much it affects your quality of life. This information helps guide treatment decisions.

Rarely, you might need an imaging test:

MRI or an X-ray can determine the size of the tissue bulge.
Defecography is a test to check how well your rectum empties. The procedure combines the use of a contrasting agent with an imaging study, such as X-ray or MRI.

Treatment depends on how severe your prolapse is. Treatment might involve:

Observation. If the posterior vaginal prolapse causes few or no symptoms, simple self-care measures — such as performing Kegel exercises to strengthen pelvic muscles — might give relief.
Pessary. A vaginal pessary is a silicone device that you put into the vagina. The device helps support bulging tissues. A pessary must be removed regularly for cleaning.

Surgery

Surgery to fix the prolapse might be needed if:

Pelvic floor strengthening exercises or using a pessary doesn’t control your prolapse symptoms well enough.
Other pelvic organs are prolapsed along with the rectum, and your symptoms really bother you. Surgery to fix each prolapsed organ can be done at the same time.

Surgery often involves removing extra, stretched tissue that forms the vaginal bulge. Then stitches are placed to support pelvic structures. When the uterus is also prolapsed, the uterus might need to be removed (hysterectomy). More than one type of prolapse can be repaired during the same surgery.

References

Park AJ, et al. Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and nonsurgical management of posterior vaginal defects. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed April 27, 2022.
Pelvic organ prolapse. Office on Women’s Health. https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/pelvic-organ-prolapse. Accessed April 27, 2022.
Gershenson DM, et al. Pelvic organ prolapse, abdominal hernias and inguinal hernias: Diagnosis and management. In: Comprehensive Gynecology. 8th ed. Elsevier; 2022. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed April 30, 2022.
Murphy AM, et al. Surgical management of vaginal prolapse: Current surgical concepts. The Canadian Journal of Urology: International Supplement. 2021; https://www.canjurol.com/abstract.php?ArticleID=&version=1.0&PMID=34453425. Accessed April 27, 2022.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice Bulletin No. 214: Pelvic organ prolapse. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2019; doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000003519.
Kegel exercises. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/kegel-exercises. Accessed April 30, 2022.
Ami T. Allscripts EPSi. Mayo Clinic. April 29, 2022.

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Posterior Vaginal Prolapse (rectocele)

When to see a doctor

Pregnancy and childbirth

Surgery

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