Enlarged Breasts in Men (gynecomastia)
Gynecomastia is an increase in the amount of breast gland tissue in boys or men. An imbalance of the hormones estrogen and testosterone causes it. Gynecomastia can affect one or both breasts, sometimes unevenly.
Pseudogynecomastia is an increase in fat but not gland tissue in male breasts.
Newborns, boys going through puberty and older men may develop gynecomastia due to natural changes in hormone levels. There are other causes too.
Most often, gynecomastia isn’t a serious problem. But it can be tough to cope with the condition. People with gynecomastia sometimes have pain in their breasts. And they may feel embarrassed.
Gynecomastia may go away on its own. If it doesn’t, medicine or surgery may help.
Gynecomastia symptoms can include:
- Pain, especially in teenagers.
- Swollen breast tissue.
- Tender breasts.
- Sensitive nipples when they rub against clothes.
When to see a doctor
See a member of your health care team if you have:
- Swelling.
- Pain or tenderness.
- Fluid coming out of one or both breast nipples. This is called nipple discharge.
- A firm or hard lump.
- Dimpled skin on the breast.
In people assigned male at birth, the body mainly makes the sex hormone testosterone. It also makes small amounts of the hormone estrogen. Gynecomastia can happen when the amount of testosterone in the body drops compared with estrogen. The decrease can be caused by conditions that lower testosterone or block its effects. Or it can be caused by conditions that raise the estrogen level.
Some things that can change the body’s hormone balance include the following:
Natural hormone changes
The hormones testosterone and estrogen control sex traits. Testosterone controls traits such as muscle mass and body hair. Estrogen controls traits that include the growth of breasts.
Estrogen levels that are too high or are out of balance with testosterone levels can cause gynecomastia.
- Gynecomastia in infants. More than half of male babies are born with enlarged breasts due to the effects of estrogen during pregnancy. The swollen breast tissue usually goes away within 2 to 3 weeks after birth.
- Gynecomastia during puberty. Gynecomastia caused by hormone changes during puberty is somewhat common. Most of the time, the swollen breast tissue goes away without treatment within 6 months to 2 years.
- Gynecomastia in adults. About 24% to 65% of men ages 50 to 80 get gynecomastia. But most adults with the condition have no symptoms.
Medicines
The following medicines can cause gynecomastia:
- Anti-androgens used to treat conditions such as an enlarged prostate and prostate cancer. Examples of these medicines include flutamide, finasteride (Proscar, Propecia) and spironolactone (Aldactone, Carospir).
- Anabolic steroids and androgens to treat delayed puberty or muscle loss from another disease.
- Antiretroviral medicines. The estrogen-like properties of some HIV medicines can cause gynecomastia, especially efavirenz.
- ADHD medicines that contain amphetamines, such as Adderall.
- Anti-anxiety medications, such as diazepam (Valium).
- Tricyclic antidepressants.
- Some antibiotics.
- Opioids to treat chronic pain.
- Ulcer medicines, such as the nonprescription medicines cimetidine (Tagamet HB) and omeprazole (Prilosec).
- Chemotherapy to treat cancer.
- Heart medicines, such as digoxin (Lanoxin) and calcium channel blockers.
- Stomach-emptying medicines, such as metoclopramide
Recreational drugs, illegal drugs and alcohol
Substances that can cause gynecomastia include:
- Alcohol.
- Anabolic steroids used to build muscle and improve athletic performance.
- Amphetamines.
- Marijuana.
- Heroin.
- Methadone (Methadose).
Health conditions
Certain health conditions that affect the balance of hormones can either cause or be linked with gynecomastia. They include:
- Hypogonadism. Conditions that lower the amount of testosterone the body makes can be linked with gynecomastia. Some examples are Klinefelter syndrome and pituitary insufficiency.
- Aging. Hormone changes that happen with aging can cause gynecomastia, especially in people who are overweight.
- Tumors. Some tumors can make hormones that shift the body’s hormone balance. These include tumors involving the testes, adrenal glands or pituitary gland.
- Hyperthyroidism. In this condition, the thyroid gland makes too much of the hormone thyroxine.
- Kidney failure. About half the people who receive dialysis treatment develop gynecomastia due to hormone changes.
- Liver failure and cirrhosis. Changes in hormone levels related to liver problems and cirrhosis medicines are linked with gynecomastia.
- Malnutrition and starvation. When the body doesn’t get enough nutrition, testosterone levels drop. But estrogen levels stay the same. This causes an imbalance in the hormones.
Herbal products
Some plant oils used in shampoos, soaps or lotions have been associated with gynecomastia. These include tea tree or lavender oil. This likely is due to compounds in the oil that may mimic estrogen or affect testosterone.
Risk factors for gynecomastia include:
- Puberty.
- Older age.
- Obesity.
- Use of anabolic steroids to improve athletic performance.
- Certain health conditions. These include liver and kidney disease, thyroid disease, Klinefelter syndrome and some tumors.
Gynecomastia has few physical complications. But it may lead to mental health concerns due to changes in how the chest looks.
Several factors within your control may lower the risk of gynecomastia:
- Don’t use drugs. Examples include anabolic steroids, amphetamines, heroin and marijuana.
- Limit or stay away from alcohol. It helps not to drink alcohol. If you do drink, do so in moderation. That means no more than two drinks a day for men.
To find out if you have gynecomastia, a member of your health care team starts by asking you some questions. For example, you’ll likely be asked about your symptoms and any medicines you take. You’re also given a medical exam to check your breast tissue, stomach area and genitals.
Tests
Your health care team likely will order tests. These can help find a possible cause of gynecomastia or look for conditions that can cause similar symptoms. Tests also may be done to check for breast cancer. You may need exams such as:
- Blood tests.
- Mammograms — This is an X-ray of the breast.
- Computerized tomography (CT) scans — This is a series of X-rays taken from different angles.
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans — This imaging test uses a magnetic field and radio waves.
- Testicular ultrasounds — This uses sound waves to make images of the testicles and the tissue around them.
- Tissue biopsies — This procedure removes a tiny piece of tissue, which gets checked in a lab.
Conditions that cause similar symptoms
Your health care team will want to be sure that your breast swelling is gynecomastia and not another condition. Other conditions that can cause similar symptoms include:
- Fatty breast tissue. Another name for this is pseudogynecomastia. Some people, especially those with obesity, have breast fat that looks like gynecomastia. But it isn’t the same as gynecomastia. For people diagnosed with this condition, more testing isn’t needed.
- Breast cancer. Breast cancer is uncommon in men, but it can happen. Enlargement of one breast or the presence of a firm lump raises the concern for male breast cancer.
- Mastitis. This is inflamed breast tissue that sometimes involves an infection.
- Lipoma. This slow-growing, fatty lump is not cancer.
Gynecomastia often goes away over time without treatment. But if gynecomastia is caused by a medical condition, that condition may need treatment.
If you take medicine that may be the cause of gynecomastia, ask your health care team about your choices. Your doctor may have you stop the medicine or try a different one.
Often, no treatment is needed for teenagers who have gynecomastia due to natural hormone changes during puberty. A teen’s health care team may recommend checkups every 3 to 6 months to see if the condition is getting better on its own. Gynecomastia in teens often goes away without treatment in less than two years.
Treatment may be needed if gynecomastia doesn’t get better on its own. Treatment also can help if the condition causes pain, tenderness or embarrassment.
Medications
Medicines used to treat breast cancer and other conditions may be helpful for some adults with gynecomastia. They include:
- Tamoxifen (Soltamox).
- Raloxifene (Evista).
- Aromatase inhibitors, such as anastrozole (Arimidex).
In the United States, these medicines are approved by the Food and Drug Administration. But they have not been approved specifically for use in people with gynecomastia.
Surgery to remove extra breast tissue
You may still have enlarged breasts after waiting for gynecomastia to go away on its own or after taking medicine for it. If your appearance or other symptoms bother you, surgery may be a treatment choice:
Two gynecomastia surgery options are:
- Liposuction. This surgery removes breast fat but not the breast gland tissue itself.
- Mastectomy. This type of surgery removes the breast gland tissue. With smaller amounts of gland tissue, mastectomy can be done using small incisions. This lessens the recovery time. Sometimes liposuction and mastectomy are combined.
References
- Gynecomastia. Endocrine Society. https://www.endocrine.org/patient-engagement/endocrine-library/gynecomastia. Accessed May 17, 2023.
- Braunstein GD, et al. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and causes of gynecomastia. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed May 17, 2023.
- Ferri FF. Gynecomastia. In: Ferri’s Clinical Advisor 2023. Elsevier; 2023. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed May 17, 2023.
- Loscalzo J, et al., eds. Disorders of the testes and male reproductive system. In: Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 21st ed. McGraw Hill; 2022. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com. Accessed May 17, 2023.
- Papadakis MA, et al., eds. Endocrine disorders. In: Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2023. 62nd ed. McGraw Hill; 2023. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com. Accessed May 17, 2023.
- Gynecomastia. Merck Manual Professional Version. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/male-reproductive-endocrinology-and-related-disorders/gynecomastia?query=Gynecomastia#. Accessed May 17, 2023.
- AskMayoExpert. Gynecomastia. Mayo Clinic; 2022.
- Gynecomastia surgery. American Society of Plastic Surgeons. https://www.plasticsurgery.org/cosmetic-procedures/gynecomastia-surgery/procedure. Accessed May 18, 2023.
- Barrett KE, et al. Function of the male reproductive system. In: Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology. 26th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com. Accessed Aug. 26, 2019.
- Braunstein GD, et al. Clinical features, diagnosis, and evaluation of gynecomastia in adults. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed May 17, 2023.
- Medical review (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. May 24, 2023.
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